Fractions In The Mathematics Curriculum Education Essay

subdivisions In The math program Education EssayThis chapter reviews the applicable literature link up to the test. It result explore the overview of the content and theories that be related and applicable to the subscribe to. The study can be divided into two main themes-, the issue and the intercession. The issue here refers to eruditeness problems associated with Fraction which includes the show up of the molar takings in the Brunei math Curriculum, review of previous search on students difficulty and central theories related to the topic. The intervention describes how the instruction will be carried pop, what atomic number 18 the relevant instructional type of intervention apply, the theory behind the choice, including previous research on the choice of intervention. These ar then referred to the Brunei SPN-21 computer program exemplar.2.1 Issue Fractions2.1.1 Fractions in the Mathematics CurriculumFractions be world-class introduced to pupils in Yea r 2 in Brunei maths curriculum. The curriculum keeps revisiting the topic of shares at polar information up to secondhand upbringing. The syllabus content for O Level Mathematics outlined the evaluate outcome in this topic. Students are expected to be able to use the language and notation of simple vulgar and ten-fold divisions and percentages in appropriate contexts, recognize equivalence and perform calculations by able methods, with and without a calculating aid in involving comp wizardntal operations (Cie,2012). The Curriculum Development Department (CDD), Ministry of Education, Brunei Darussalam has outlined the knowledge outcomes that should be attained by students at each level as sh witness in bow 1.Table 1Placement of Fraction in the Brunei SyllabusYear reading Outcomes2Understand the ideas of carve up as a part of a consentientUse member map to name fractions with denominators up to 10. evoke simple fractions based on fraction diagrams.Shade simple fractio ns on inclined diagrams.Demonstrate that when all fractional parts of a solid are included the result equals one whole. Read and write for instance= 1 , = 1 , = 13Use fraction chart and number line to recognize and name fractions with denominators greater than 10.Shade or colour fractions with denominators greater than 10.State the numerator and the denominator of a given fraction. concord comparable fractions.Order like fractions in order of size.Compare unit fractions .(S) establish unit fractions in order of size. .(S)Use diagrams or fraction chart to recognise equivalent fractions. (S)Compare unlike fractions. (C)Arrange unlike fractions in order of size. (C)hyperkinetic syndrome and subtract like fractions within one whole.4Determine equivalent fractions of a given fraction with denominator 10 shrivel up a given fraction to its simplest formCompare and order fractions with denominators turn improper fractions into intricate numbers vice versa (S)Addition and subtract ion of like fractions with results 1Add and subtract related fractions(C) gain word problems. (SC)5Add and subtract related fractionsAdd and subtract unlike fractionsMultiply fractions (include combine numbers) by a 1-digit whole numberDivide fractions (include mixed numbers) by a 1-digit whole number (C)Interpret fraction as naval divisionSolve word problems (M, SC)6 generate concept of fraction in estimating answers in computations. (e.g. less than 2 is slightly more than 52, etc.) (C)Understand fraction as part of a setFind a fraction of a setDivide fractions (including mixed numbers) by a whole number (C)Multiply a fraction by an otherwise fraction (S)Divide a fraction by another(prenominal) fraction (S)Solve word problems (M, SC)7Perform operations on fractions without / with the use of the calculator.Apply fraction as part of a set and as a division of two numbers in various contexts.Recognise place values of digits in a given decimal.Convert between fractions and decimals.C ompare fractions and/or decimals use words and symbols , , and =(CDD documents, 2010)After Year 7, fraction is combine into other topics such as algebra, everyday mathematics and measurements. The content of the topic is designed by using Bruners spiral curriculum. Jerome Bruner, a ren holded psychological science in the constructivist theory, believed that any subject could be taught at any correspond of development in a way that fit the childs cognitive abilities. corkscrew curriculum refers to the idea of revisiting basic ideas over and over, construction upon them and elaborating to the level of panoptic grounds and mastery. As shown in Table 1, the topic is revisited from Year 2 to Year 7 in several(predicate) depth.2.1.2 Students difficulty in breeding and disposition FractionIt is well documented that fractions are among the most composite numerical concepts that children encounter in their years in primary education (Newstead Murray, 1998, Bezuk, Cramer Streetf land, 1991). Hartung (1958) ac experienced the complexity of the fraction concept that cannot be grasped all at once. He likewise cited that knowledge of fractions must be acquired with a long process of sequential development. This is probably one of the reason why in our curriculum poser, the topic is universe taught in stages from as primordial as when the children are in Year 2, and is developed as they wax older to a more complex form.Experts befool outlined a number of reasons to explain students difficulty with fractions. Some researchers had point out the causes for the baseborn performance in this topic (e.g Kerslake, 1986,Hart, 1988, Domoney, 2002, Hannula, 2003). adept of the predominant detailors contributing to the complexities is the fact that fractions comprise a multifaceted notion encompassing five coordinated sub-constructs which are part-whole, ratio, operator, quotient, and measure (Brousseau, Brousseau War firmament, 2004 Kieren, 1995 Lamon, 2001). I t has been suggested that children should develop an integrated understanding of variant sub constructs (Post, Cramer, Bejr,Lesh, Harel,1993).Other factors which contribute to the students weakness in fractions is that fractions cannot be counted and there are infinite numbers of fractions between any two fractions, as authorship by Robert Siegler (2010). Students t stop to memorize formulas or algorithms instead of understanding them. Students as well have a difficulty in incorporating concept into practice, example is that students do not know why supplement and subtraction require a common denominator. Although being exposed to the computing of fractions from primary tame, students in secondary discipline still make significant error in the accompaniment and subtraction of fractions (Wan, 2002).Studies have besides established that students difficulties are mainly due to lack of abstract understanding of fraction itself. Students had good procedural understanding of fr actions as this had been the method taught to them since primary school. (Moss Case, 1999). The development of conceptual understanding involves eyesight the connections between concepts and procedures, and being able to apply mathematical principles in a variety of context.(BOS NSW, 2002).A number of recent research studies in Brunei Darussalam have confirmed that pupils in schools are drilled into application of rules and formulas at the set down of mathematical understanding (Veloo and Lopez-Real, 1994 Wong and Veloo 1996 Clements, 2002 Lim, 2000 Khoo 2001 Norjum Veloo, (2003) Veloo and Ali Hamdani, 2005). This is further acquited by a state on error analysis on students performance in PMB 2008. The report revealed that students were mostly drilled to do mathematical rules without understanding (MOE, 2008). require in Brunei on Primary 5 and Primary 6 pupils, had identified some common error patterns, namely crowding error, basic fact error, defective algorithm, incorre ct operation and careless error. (Yusof Malone,2002). The study also reported that although the students exploit in the post test had improved but their performance on fraction flirt remained unsatisfactory peculiar(a)ly on basic operations. versatile studies in Brunei primary schools (Clements (1999), Fatimah (1998), Jabaidah (2001), Leong, Fatimah Sainah (1998) Raimah (2001) ) also revealed that pupils in the upper primary school regain fractions to be extremely difficult and most of them had no relative understanding of fraction concept. Suffolk and Clements (2003) studied students in recoil 1 and physique 2 from 27 secondary schools in Brunei also found out that many students were experiencing serious difficulties with elementary fractions tasks. Another study by Zurina (2003) involving Form 4 (N-Level) students discovered that students had very poor knowledge and understanding of fractions and decimals. The major contributing factors were that teacher spent large amou nt of time on preparing students for high-s abridge examination, therefore the traditional drill and practice method was mostly utilize by teachers. She further commented that teaching and assessment methods were not generating towards the desired fiber of students.Despite being a difficult and complex topic, fraction is one of the main topics in the Brunei Mathematics syllabus, and is being taught formally as advance(prenominal) as in Year 2. Wu (1999), cited that fraction understanding is vital to a students transformation from computing arithmetic calculations to comprehending algebra. In Year 7, students are expected to know and understand the sub-constructs of fractions, and are able to perform operations using fractions fluently. They should have acquired the conceptual and procedural understanding of fractions.Addition and subtraction of fractions was first introduced to pupils in Brunei in Year 3 and continued in different depth to secondary education. Although students have been exposed to computing of fractions as advance(prenominal) as in Year 3, they still make significant errors in addition and subtraction of fractions in secondary school (Wan,2002). Samsiah (2002) in her study on Primary 6 pupils in Brunei Darussalam found out that pupils come in not acquire accurate procedural knowledge for carrying out fraction operations and she further recommended that teaching and skill environment gather up to be created which are conducive to a healing process. Common errors in addition and subtraction of fractions is the classic error of adding or subtracting the numerator and denominator. This implies that students were thinking of fractions in a disjointed quite than holistic manner.Students difficulties in fractions could be seen as a global phenomena as being discussed. Recognizing the difficulties and acknowledging the importance of fraction in mathematics education makes this study of great significance to the researcher and mathematics te achers.2.1.3 Students surenessConcentration, Confidence, Competitive urge, Capacity for enjoyment(Arnold Palmer)Confidence is a state of being certain whether the hypothesis or prediction is correct or that a chosen course of action is the best or most in force(p). gibe to Jones (2001), the self-confidence is the assurance that a person has in his or her own abilities. Self-confidence is also defined as the sureness of feeling that you are equal to the task at hand. This sureness is characterised by absolute feeling in ability. Bandura (1986) reasoned that the most important source of information on students confidence comes from the mastery experience. The term mastery experience implies that individuals are to formulate on and evaluate their own performance. Self-confidence is extremely important in almost every aspect of our lives, yet so many concourse struggle to find it. Sadly, this can be a vicious encircle People who lack self-confidence can find it difficult to hold out successful. In order to develop confidence in Mathematics, students need to be provided with opportunity to use mathematics in a real context.2.2 preventive and RemediationAccording to a study by Kroesbergen and Van Luit (2003), intervention is used to teach basic math skills and problem-solving strategies for students with special needs. Remediation is the impelling re teaching of material not previously mastered when it was sooner taught, according to a research study for the Southeastern Regional Council for educational Improvement by Gypsy Anne Abbott and Elizabeth McEntire. A successful remediation dodge covers any pre requisite concepts or skills needed to understand the current objective. Students who did not learn the material the first time it was taught may simply need reteaching or a fresh approach, while students with problems instruction may also need modifications to the lessons and assessments, more time to complete assignments or shortened assignments.In thi s study, the researcher is doing remediation political platform adopting the acquire study strategy in two cycles. First cycle is addressed at meliorate students conceptual understanding of fraction, particularly looking at equivalent fraction which is the pre requisite for addition and subtraction of fraction with different denominators. The second cycle is aimed at improving students fluency in doing operation with fractions. The pre-test is administered before the intervention programme is carried out. This is to find out the students knowledge of the problem being investigated. The post-test is administered at the end of cycle 2. This is as a measure of the learning which might take place as a result of the intervention.2.2.1 knowledge StudyLearning Study is a process where teachers work collaboratively to plan teaching strategies by focusing on the students needs. It builds teacher knowledge about how students develop mathematical understanding. Learning Study aims to advan ce student learning done building a installment of learning experiences, reviewing the lessons and evaluating the utileness of the learning experiences. It is most effective when fighted by an expert to offer constructive advice and supportLearning study is similar to the Japanese Lesson Study (Yoshida,1999 Stigler Hiebert, 1999). It is aimed at improving students learning in a cyclic process of planning and revising lesson by a group of teachers. The theory of Variation (Marton, Runesson, Tsui, 1997) forms the basis of the theoretical framework of Learning Study. According to variation theory, learning is defined as a change in the way a person experiences a particular phenomenon and is associated with a change in discernment in that persons structure of ken (Marton Booth, 1997 Marton Tsui, 2004 Marton Pang, 2006). In designing the patterns of variation and invariation, teachers are advised to use the principles of variation, as followsThe principle of contrast teacher to give contrasting example (e.g. Fraction and Whole number)The principle of separation to test one variable, change the other variable. (e.g to understand relationship of numerator to the value of fraction, vary the numerator and keep the denominator invariant)The principle of trigger to generalize a concept, different examples of the similar value are given (e.g to generalize the concept of , give all kinds of examples involving say half of an apple, half of an hour etcThe principle of fusion vary different dimensions simultaneously (e.g. to understand two critical aspect of numerator and denominator, vary both at the same time, systematically)The main focus of learning in the SPN-21 curriculum is the learner, with emphasis on the teaching and learning for understanding. Learning study is one of the strategies which focus on the teaching and learning for understanding. It is the aim of the Ministry of Education to provide continuous master copy development in order to help teachers to improve their understanding of teaching. To support this, Learning study group of secondary school teachers had been set in Brunei to improve teaching and learning of science and mathematics.Learning Study is a process where teachers work collaboratively to plan teaching strategies by focusing on the students needs. It builds teacher knowledge about how students develop mathematical understanding. Learning Study aims to advance student learning through building a sequence of learning experiences, reviewing the lessons and evaluating the effectiveness of the learning experiences. It is most effective when supported by an expert to offer constructive advice and supporTeachers are back up to use different approach to their teaching for the improvement of learning in Brunei. Dato Seri Setia Awang Hj Yusoff Hj Ismail, the acting subgenus Pastor of Education, in his speech at the opening of the World Association of Lessons Studies (Wals) conclave 2010 mentioned on the import ance of lesson study and learning study to improve on the teachers understanding of their teaching. He further added that the challenge is to ensure that collaborative dubiousness trough lesson and learning study takes root in the culture of our school (Brunei Times,2010 Dec)2.2.2 Use of Manipulative in MathematicI hear and I forget, I see and I remember, I do and I understand(Confucius, 551-479BC)Mathematics education today are moving towards the facilitation of students understanding and conceptualization rather than drill and practice of rote procedures (Heddens,1986). This is in line with the SPN-21 curriculum framework which also give emphasis on the teaching and learning for understanding. One of the ways to promote understanding is by using manipulative.Manipulative are physical object help to make mathematical concepts become concrete. seek in many countries supports the idea that the mathematics instruction and students mathematics understanding will be more effective if manipulative materials are used (Canny, 1984 Clements Battista, 1990 Dienes, 1960 Driscoll, 1981 Fennema, 1972 1973 Skemp, 1987 Sugiyama, 1987 Suydam, 1984) Allowing students to use concrete objects to observe, model, and internalize abstract concepts will yield a positive effect on students achievement (Sowell,1989.,Ruzie and OConnel,2001) . Manipulative allows students to construct their own cognitive models for abstract mathematical ideas and processes. They are also engaging students and increase both interest and enjoyment of mathematics. Long term interest in mathematics translates to increased mathematical ability (Suton Krueger, 2002).2.2.3 Games in Mathematics classroomGames are seen to be fun, not only motivating but ensuring exuberant engagement, particularly through reflection and discussion, on which constructive learning depends (Booker,1996). Games are also valuable for simulating and encouraging mathematical discussion between group of children and between student s and teacher (Earnest, 1986). Students may build on their prior knowledge and forms links between the game and their everyday surroundings (Bragg, 2006). Bragg further added that through the use of games, students ability to work independently of the teachers and others helps them to build confidence through achieving success in classroom.Games offer mathematics teachers a way of practicing and reinforcing arithmetic and other mathematical skills, as well as supplementing for drills and practice-problems. Games are seen as a way of presenting high level mathematics concepts in a simple and non-threatening way.Although games has been seen as a beneficial tool in mathematics classroom (Bragg,2006 Booker,2000 Gough,1999 Anily,1990), it is also important to ensure the structure of the game support learning, for learning to take place (Swansed Marshall, nd). Learning outcomes related to the games should be intelligibly specified to make the usefulness of games explicit to students (Br agg, 2006).In this study, the game of I have.. , who has? is used. The game is chosen because it involves the whole class and easy to administered. The rule is also very simple In this game, students have to be attentive and at the same time try to figure out the answer that match their cards.2.2.4 Use of Video poetry unison is chosen as another mean of helping students to understand the topic. Music establishes a positive learning state and energizes learning activities. Songs and rhythmic chants invite the students to become active in the learning practice. Music adds an element of fun while helping punctuate the lesson orientation. Songs help stimulate the students imagination. Music helps ease tension through work that does not feel like typical classroom work. The melody, rhythm and repeat collaborate together as an effective tool in improving students memories, which in turn will establish good belongings of the topicMusic is a universal language which promotes reading, cre ativity, and comprehension skills all at the same time(Wright,2009). Don McMannis, an expert on childrens medicine, mentioned the positive effect of music on peoples emotions and creativity. He also agreed that music is an effective median(a) for learning and retaining information, in a way that it activates three different centers of the reason at the same time language, hearing, and rhythmic motor control (Elias,2009). Music is considered as one of the avenues for learning proposed by cognitive phychologists in the theories of multisensory learning (Harris,2009).Music is viewed as a multi-sensory approach to enhance learning and retention of academic skills. The music activities used will directly carry the curriculum content that the student is to learn. For example, if the student is to add single digit numbers, the lyrics to the educational song or chant will deal directly with that come in skill. Research supports the use of music as a mnemonic braid for the learning and r ecall of new information. Music also plays a role in focusing attention and providing a motivating environment for learning. In addition, educational research confirms that we learn and retain information better when we find it interesting and meaningful.In this study, a video song from you tube, called the Mathe Mia Addition of Fractions, is used. The lyrics of the song summarize how to do addition and subtraction of fractions, from common denominators to unlike denominators and the mixed numbers. After the students have acquired the intended learning objectives, the video song will helps them to recall and retain the information learnt.2.3 SummaryIt is well documented that fraction is one of the most difficult topic in Mathematics. Fraction has been taught to students in stages from as early as when they are in Year 2. discretion how fraction works is needed in life and other field of study. It is therefore important to establish good foundation in this topic.Lesson study is bein g practised worldwide and has proven a successful and effective method of enhancing teaching and learning. The ministry of Education has encouraged schools to practice lesson or learning study to help teachers and students in their teaching and learning. Teachers are also encouraged to use of different teaching strategies in enhancing students learning. The use of Manipulative in teaching and learning had been established in the education system. The effectiveness of games in promoting students learning had also been well documented. Games give an alternative way of learning in a fun, enjoyable and non-threatening way, which in turn will advance students motivation and confidence. Research had found out the positive impact on the use of music in education, although it is not a very prevalent means of teaching in the secondary schooling. Through the use of different strategies, students learning of the subject might yield positive result.

Poetry of Jimmy Santiago Baca

Poetry of jemmy capital of Chile BacaMany put outrs and poets have drawn inspiration and motivation from their childhood, bypast experiences, and hope for the future. Abandoned to an orphanage at a five-year-old age, horn in Santiago Baca was convicted of drug possession by the age of twenty-one. During his numerous years in prison, Baca learned how to read and write, eventually freeing his early rimes from inwardly the prison walls. Despite his accomplishments and prestigious awards, Baca remains a humble individual by helping kids who are facing the same struggles he approach growing up. Through his verses he shows the splendor of human existence amidst the dim surroundings of prison life (Baca 7). In his poems, Jimmy Santiago Baca takes the indorser through the feelings of loss, dejection, and the quest for identicalness that relates to his life in prison.Jimmy Santiago Baca grew up with a tough childhood. His parents divorced at an early age, and he was shuffled b etween relatives and orphanages. During his teenage years, he was in and out of detention centers and was everlastingly found spending his cadence on Albuquerques streets and urban barrios. Baca first began to write poetry during his stay in prison, realizing how to express his thoughts and ideals through poetry. While Baca was in prison for drug charges, he immersed himself in the world of books, reading the whole shebang of many famous poets. Through the process of self-discovery, he taught himself English and Spanish, and last received his GED. His experience in prison consisted of lock shores, solitary confinements, electroshock therapy session, and beatings by prison guards pushing him to the lowest ebb of his life (Baca, CW SS 3). After prison, Baca left for northwesterly Carolina before returning to New Mexico, where he spent time living(a) in Albuquerque working odd jobs such as a dark watchman, janitor, and laborer. Once the birth of his first child sinkred, Baca f inally settled d give with his wife and began fully embracing his past with the predominantly Chicano community (Baca, CW SS 6). Since then, Baca has begun to seriously publish his works of literature to the public.Jimmy Santiago Baca is considered a renowned Chicano poet because of his adequate imagery and lyricism of his poetry (Baca, DA 1). In his works, he suggests that poetry is not always restorative, alone resilient when human life is presumptuousness a chance. When he was given that chance, Baca discovered a state of independence and earth away from the dreary realities, by celebrating the human spirit in extreme situations through his poems. Each poem represents a little luck of his life from the process of reestablishing his life after his years in prison. His poems neer have had a consistent pattern, some may have rhythms uniform to prose, but others are very lyrical. The line lengths may vary from wretched to long, while some poems might have a blend of light a nd longer lines. With his line maneuvering, Baca had skills in switching tones (Duane, CP 1, 2).The subject of his poems were developed from his experiences, which complicate his personal responses to the troubled life he lived as a young adult. Bacas poetry include the reoccurring newspapers of transformation, metamorphosis, and self-actualization (Baca, CW SS 4), which were constant thoughts and changes of Baca. Therefore, his works display the truths of the human optic while in hardship, with the help of wisdom, courage, beauty, and above all, hope (Taylor, KYAPBG 1). The central centering of Bacas poetry is said to bring compassion from the effect and embracing humanity in times of extreme dislocation.Bacas poem Who Understands Me But Me contains many elements of perseverance, determination, and actualisation which are evident in most of his poetry. The poem starts off with the vocaliser receiving new restrictions, but the vocalizer finds a way to live with the restrict ions. Among the restraints and negativity, the speaker develops a positive attitude. With the new restrictions and experiences in hand, he begins to realize his own identity the speaker learns to find parts of himself never dreamed of by him. The poem ends with the speaker questioning who understands him when he says something is beautiful.Mainly, the poem seems forthright and lifeless, repetitive and simple, but this poem has great meaning behind what is seen on the surface level. end-to-end the poem, the readers are able to experience the physical and mental barriers (Baca, DA 2). which occur during prison life. The restrictions in the beginning of the poem are represented utilize anaphora to add emphasis on the continuous struggles which are set about in prison. They take my heart and rip it open, I live without heart creates an indifferent tone from the speaker. I followed these signs like an old tracker and followed the tracks deep in myself explains that his experiences pav ed a way for the speaker to explore the universal theme of an individuals painful search for identity and meaning (Baca, DA 2). The tone of the poem shifts from indifferent to uplifting and empowering to show that the experiences learned were positive improvements for the speaker. Since the speaker has gone(a) through many sufferings, he proves that those sufferings helped him for the future. Everyone evolves within themselves every day, but when the time comes for hardships to be encountered, the experiences may become beneficial for their prospect of life.The feelings of loss, dejection, and the quest for identity experiences from Jimmy Santiago Bacas life in prison are shown throughout his poetry. Baca offers means on how to rebuild a broken life, rather than bide on the painful past. Ever since then, he has been able to change the lives of many Hispanic and Amerindian peoples, by displaying the true insight from the intimidating prisons that guide the changing views of their lives.

The Success of the First Crusade

The Success of the original driving forceThe get-go of all travail was a military expedition by European Christians to cure the sacred res publicas and occurred in 1095. It was viewed as an unprecedented success by historians of the daylight and by contemporary historians. The movements for this great success, if it arsehole be named great at all, are numerous. From Pope urban IIs fiery gripe to arms at the Council of Clermont, to the lack of preparation from the Turks, there are many reasons for this success. indeed the essential trustingness displayed by the crusaders, the quality of their leadership, and the ally which they gulled during their extensive journey were however itemors which contri stilled to their success.After receiving the call for military aid from Alexius I, the Byzantine Emperor in 1095, Pope Urban II seized upon this opportunity for him to renew Papal mince and influence in the east and to reunite the churches of Rome and Constantinople. Th rough his passing charismatic sermon given on 27th November 1095 at the Council of Clermont, Urban was able to arouse enthusiasm from the clergy and nobles present for a Holy fight on the Moslems in the east. They then went out to their diocese and spread the domination of a call to arms from God. This call to arms created a abundant influx of people from all works of life and they were all knifelike to embark on this journey to the holy land. This was a good subject as more(prenominal) people would mean a larger phalanx for which to worst the Muslims with. However a lot of people who showed enthusiasm for this pilgrimage were not knights or trained soldiers notwithstanding were ordinary men, women and children, and so they nookie be seen as more of a hindrance than of help. On the former(a) hand, by there being women, usually wives, on the journey they would consecrate undoubtedly helped the men on this hazardous journey by providing them with the requisite motivatio n involve to complete this pilgrimage.However the crusaders did not answer the call for arms from Pope Urban likely they knew that it would be an arduous journey. just now for most it was their undoubted assent which made them embark on this journey and it was conviction which was a key factor that carried them to Jerusalem. Until recently it has been thought that one of the main(prenominal) motives for people embarking on the crusade was power and profit which could be gained in the supposedly lucrative east. scarce contemporary historians now believe that a lot of the crusaders were just devout Christians and wished to secure their place in enlightenment which the Pope had stated would happen if they liberated Jerusalem from the infidel. Faith is a powerful tool it can catch people push beyond their limits and to achieve unattainable goals, as is stated by Setton and Baldwin without zeal and a burning faith it could never eat up been achieved and consequently it was defin itely a positive factor in helping the success of the crusaders. The crusaders were from all diametrical parts of Europe and spoke many different languages. It was their belief in achieving the one aim of capturing Jerusalem that made them work effectively unneurotic as a combat force. This can be seen when the crusaders captured Antioch. As briefly as they captured Antioch, after a gruelling besieging of s level off months, the crusaders themselves were attack by an soldiers of Kerbogha of Mosuls. The crusaders were hungry and tired. Furthermore their morale was dangerously low, they were fighting night and day to keep the be siegers out, and just when they thought that all was muddled a minor monk called Peter Bartholomew claimed to have discovered the holy lance in the city. This was enough of a sign to give the crusaders faith that they would win and made them fight on. On June 28th they defeated Kerboghas forces. This is a prime example to prove that it was their faith which encouraged the Crusaders to go apart and to face the enemy head on instead of giving up.The branch crusaders were indeed many but they were in foreign lands, far away from home and without a reliable source of supplies and so it was important for them to make allies within the region. Though there were some(a) troubles between the crusaders and the Byzantines, the Byzantine Emperor Alexius I was very willing to help the crusaders with supplies, a piffling military force and engineers. The engineers were extremely useful and necessary for the building of siege engines from which they made the capture of t ingests much easier. Hence the alliance with Alexius was a unavoidableness for the success of the crusade. A further asset to the crusaders was the help from the Armenians. With their help some of the crusaders were able to conquer Edessa and hence form the frontmost of the crusader states called the County of Edessa of which Baldwin was their ruler. also it was an Arm enian guard who Bohemond bribed at Antioch to open the cities gates. Furthermore, it was also an Armenian commanding officer who helped the crusaders capture Jerusalem by surrendering his tower on the main walls to them. otherwise the crusaders quite possibly would have had to have gone through a lengthy siege in which many of them would have died. Baldwin of Boulogne also had an Armenian called Pakrad on his staff whom he relied on for advice on the area and the diplomatic stance between states and rulers. Another main ally who the crusaders had but were not as prominent was the Christian people who were already there. They tried their memorise up to help the crusaders by giving them what provisions they could spare and by essay to help overthrow the garrisons of towns of which the crusaders were trying to capture. But there is evidence that a lot of Christians within these Muslim states were quite content with their Muslim overlords and so were not keen in helping a foreign armament nonetheless if it was a Christian one.Another key factor which can be seen during the first crusade is that of the competency of the crusaders leadership. The crusaders were in the hands of experient princes whom had seen combat in various wars. This can be seen through the tactical manoeuvre which they employed, such as them used on June 30th 1097 when Bohemonds army was adjoin by a Turkish army. The papal legate Adhemar of Le Puy performed an knavish diversion of crossing the mountains to flank the enemy and come up on their rear, which caused them to flee in panic and confusion1. But even though the crusaders leaders were highly skilled at leading they were not always a unifying force. There was a growing tension between Raymond and Bohemond. But other than that there was not much quarrelling within the army itself. some of the main leaders were driven to a degree by their own ambition and this sometimes led to atrocities occurring. An example of this is the massa cre of 300 Norman troops who Baldwin of Boulogne had forced to camp outside the walls of his newly captured town of Tarsus because he did not trust them and hence they were slaughtered by the towns former garrison infra nightfall. But through all of the bad decisions, most of the time when they were needed to unify and attack together they did just that. They worked as one army, even if they disagreed on tactics when they assaulted and besieged major cities such as Antioch and Jerusalem. Indeed the assault on Jerusalem was impeded time wise by the arguing between the leaders over who should be given Antioch, but when they eventually got there the remaining princes worked together to gain success. But the fact that most of the princes true ambitions lay in their own personal gain is shown by Bohemond who selfishly never took any further part in the crusade after becoming Prince of Antioch. He never even went to Jerusalem. This was a major reason in why it took so long for the crusad ers to take Antioch, because Raymond had wanted to storm the city but Bohemond refused and wanted to besiege it even though there wasnt enough troops to encircle the city. Bohemonds decision to siege was due to his own greed he wanted Antioch for himself and so wanted it intact. The siege was perhaps harder on the crusaders than the defenders as they quickly ran out of pabulum which led to desertion and cannibalism. Even though these blasphemous events were occurring, Bohemond still held the siege which shows that he didnt care much about the religious side to the crusade but by taking Antioch he did succeed in finish his own agenda and furthered the crusaders cause.One of the most important reasons for the success of the first crusade was the disunity within the Muslim nations in and about the holy land and their underestimation of the threat to which the crusaders posed. During the time of the first crusade, Anatolia, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt were all under Muslim control. But they were politically and, to some extent, culturally fragmented and hence this would have certainly contributed to the success of the first crusade. These differences can be seen through the innate rivalry which had been going on between competing territories. Anatolia and Syria were controlled by the Sunni Seljuks, and used to be unified in one big conglomerate but in 1092 Malik-Shah, the Seljuk sultan, died and his sons quarrelled over who would succeed him. So the sultans once large empire was split between the competing sons. Hence when the crusaders came marching through, these states were on the whole more concerned with consolidating their own territories and gaining control of their neighbours, than with cooperating against the crusaders.There was also a mischance to react quickly enough to the crusading threat by the Turks and the rest of the Muslim states. During the Peoples crusade The Turkish king Kilij Arslans capital, Nicaea was situated close to where the crus aders were based. He was bright enough to watch them ravage the countryside but as soon as they threatened his city he easily defeated them. This easy defeat of the Christian forces lulled him into a false sense of security. When he heard that another(prenominal) Christian force had amassed at Constantinople he assumed that it would be of the very(prenominal) type of incompetent soldiers as before and so took the majority of his army to attack a rival state, he had not foreseen that the crusading army would be so strong2. This same sort of misconception of the crusading forces was common among many of the Muslim leaders, and hence played a major part in the success of the first crusade. This can be proven by the failure of the second crusade. It contained around the same amount of people as the first crusade but by this time the Muslim leaders were more prepared and fleetly defeated the crusaders in two battles3.Even though the main reason for the success of the first crusade was the disunity between the Muslim states, all of the factors mentioned contributed to the crusades success. The crusaders allies played their part in helping the crusaders to succeed in their goals. besides the faith of the people played a major part. Their faith cannot be underestimated, it kept them going and forced them onwards to Jerusalem it was their faith which halt them from turning back even when they were dying from starvation and disease. It was ultimately their faith which drove them to succeed.BibliographyAsbridge, T. S. , The offset printing Crusade A New account statement,(London, 2004).Baldwin, M. W. ed. , A History of the Crusades Volume I The First Hundred Years, (Philadelphia, 1958), pp. 177 343.Phillips, J. P. , The First Crusade Origins and Impact, (Manchester, 1997).Phillips, J. P. , Who Were the First Crusaders?, History Today 475 (Manchester, 1997), pp. 16-22.Riley-Smith J. , The Crusades Idea and macrocosm 1095-1274, (London, 1981).Riley-Smith, J. , The First Crusade and the idea of crusading, (London, 1986).Rochester, R. W. , Military Operations in the First Crusade 1097-1099 A.D.,(Liverpool, 1955).Runciman, S. , The First Crusade, (Cambridge, 1980).Wolf, K. B. , Crusade and Narrative Bohemond and the Gesta Francorum, Journal of Medieval History 17 (Oxford, 1991), pp. 207-16.1 M. W. Baldwin, ed. , A History of the Crusades Volume I The First Hundred Years, (Philadelphia, 1958), p. 293.2 M. W. Baldwin, ed. , A History of the Crusades Volume I The First Hundred Years, (Philadelphia, 1958), p. 289.3 J. Riley-Smith , The Crusades Idea and Reality 1095-1274, (London, 1981), p. 14.

Disability And Sexuality And Social Work Practice Social Work Essay

Disability And Sexuality And complaisant Work coiffure Social Work EssayThere is a growing realisation of the need to provide evoke fosterage to great deal with breeding disabilities, as well as their right to achieve such education. Despite a desire to help with this, hearty workers and other health professionals offer deficiency the confidence and tools to deliver sex education to this population. In an effort to amass enjoin of best practise thus far, a narration check of the lit go out be conducted to answer the following question What interventions atomic number 18 avail fitted indoors friendly work practice for the rake of sexual urge education to the great unwashed with teaching disabilities? By learning the get a line consistencies and inconsistencies across hard-hitting interventions, feasible interventions can be conventional and further research identify. flat coat and RationaleIn the past, battalion with learning disabilities were excluded from se xual education or help with issues around their sexuality. Fortunately, in modern day society this projection is beginning to change, which is in part due to a shift from commit c atomic number 18 to supported lifespan. This has resulted in an increase in independent living as well as a greater ac acquaintancement of the take of people with learning disabilities. Furthermore, the myth that people with learning disabilities are staring(a) children (McCarthy, 1999) no longer holds sway and it is acknowledged that people with learning disabilities are not asexual they have the same needs as people without a learning disability, including needs regarding sexuality.The Sex and Relationships research project, set up in 2007, was particularly influential in challenging the previously incorrect beliefs and myths that maintained the exclusion of people with learning disabilities. This was a 3-year research political program conducted by CHANGE (2009), a national organisation that fight s for the rights of people with learning disabilities. As part of this project it was found that people with learning disabilities, time-honored 16-25 years old, shared that they were not told about sex and relationships when they were younger. Furthermore, they also give tongue to that if they had been given better sex education, they exponent have made polar choices as adults. This highlights a clear unmet need experienced by people with learning disabilities, as well as indicates that these unmet needs discriminate individuals via cut down choice in adulthood.Professionals working within the field of learning disabilities, including kindly workers, remain reluctant to become involved in sexuality education due to lack of confidence and lack of availability of educational materials intentional for this population (Howard-Barr et al., 2005). They want to support people with learning disabilities, but do not have the information or skills to do so (Garbutt, 2008). Thus, in t hat respect is a need to establish hard-hitting interventions designed to equip social workers and other healthcare professionals with the personal and professional tools indispensable to deliver sex education to people with learning disabilities. This provides the rule for a narrative palingenesis of the books.Research QuestionThe research question posed from the background literature isWhat interventions are available within social work practice for the oral communication of sexuality education to people with learning disabilities?More detailallyWhat in effect(p) interventions are already available?What are the key concepts and theories relevant to effective interventions?How has efficacy of interventions been assessed?What are the key consistencies and inconsistencies across studies?What answers remain?Research plan and MethodsA narrative review of the literature leave behind be conducted in order to identify interventions available within social work practice for the d elivery of sexuality education to people with learning disabilities. A narrative review has been selected due to its recommended use with comprehensive topics (Collins and Fauser, 2005), and the benefits that derive from being able to include subjective interpretations based on personal experience of social work practice. Social work is a person-centred and ho bring upic discipline that warrants this phenomenological approach. Furthermore, a narrative review can be used to synthesise evidence from both quantitative and qualitative studies, thus benefiting from the strengths of both approaches, the former of which offers scientific rigour and the latter of which offers subjectivity and depth.The relevant literature will be synthesised through the use of info extraction forms (appendix 1), the identification of key themes and controersies surrounded by studies, and the development of a considered narrative for each key theme.By identifying established knowledge within this area, as well as where gaps in knowledge remain, conclusions will be made on the efficacy of different interventions or techniques that social workers could utilise in the delivery of sexuality education to people with learning disabilities.Inclusion and Exclusion CriteriaInclusion in this review will be confined to primary research meeting the following additional inclusion criteriaRandomised control trials (RCTs) control trials prospective pre- and post-test cohort studies qualitative studies.The study needs to be testing or exploring an intervention for the delivery of sexuality education to people with learning disabilities.Population social workers or other healthcare professionals working with people who have learning disabilities.Studies conducted over the last 5 years (2006-2011).In addition, the following exclusion criteria cave inStudies conducted before 2006.Non-English studies.Studies that do not meet the pre-defined inclusion criteria.Search outlineA search of the literature will be undertaken using Boolean logic, which will allow for a more sensitive search of the denomination and abstracts of the following informationbases the Cumulative Index of Nursing and bothied Health writings (CINAHL), Medline, Embase, PsychINFO and The Cochrane Library of clinical trials. Keywords to be searched include learning disabilities OR learning dis*AND sex* AND educ* OR train* OR interv* OR intervention studies. The abruptness symbol (*) will be applied to search for words that might have various endings (e.g. sex* will find sex, sexuality, sexual).The theatrical role list of all articles that are obtained in full will also be hand-searched for relevant studies. In addition, two key social work journals will be hand-searched from 2010 to 2011 to identify the most up to date research in this area British Journal of Social Work and Journal of Social Work.The title and abstracts of all literature identified by the search scheme will be scanned for relevance, with moot or duplicate articles being excluded. All records meeting the pre-defined inclusion criteria will be obtained in full for information extraction. A data extraction form recommended by the National get of Clinical Excellence (NICE, 2010) will be used to elicit key details from each of the studies obtained (appendix 1), including study design intervention and, main findings.synthetic thinking of FindingsThematic content analysis will be used to identify key themes across studies, followed by the identification of convergent and divergent findings within these key themes (Aveyard, 2010). Narratives will be created for the most prominent themes. A full of life analysis of how social work practice could be informed, developed and amend with respect to the evidence obtained from this review will be included, with a specific emphasis on the importance of evidence-based practice.Study Resources, Risks and TimetableInternet databases that provide admittance to academic peer review ed journals will be the primary source use for searching the literature. The university library will also be a worthful resource for locating learning disability and social work journals that can be hand-searched, as well as providing access to a bibliothec who can be asked for advice on suitable web-based subject gateways. In addition, the reference lists of reviewed articles are a source of access to further relevant research. respectable approval will not be required for this review.A timetable for complementary this review is presented in Table 1, with the deadline for submitting the reviewing being February 2012.Table 1 Timetable for go overActionDates1.Choose research question based on scoping of the literature and consideration of relevant policy.Beginning of March 20112.Conduct a prelude literature search to gather information on the background and rationale for review.Mid-March 20113.Develop a review proposal and timetable, including search strategy and inclusion criteri a, etc.End of March 20114.Conduct first search of the literature, utilising selected web-based databases, excluding irrelevant or duplicate records and obtaining the full text of remaining records. Complete data extraction forms for each study.April and May 20114.Hand-search selected journals, obtaining the full text of relevant records and complementary data extraction forms for each study.June 20115.Hand-search the reference lists of all articles included from the database and journal searches, obtaining the abstract of potential articles of relevance. Exclude those that become irrelevant on circumferent inspection and obtain the full text of remaining references. Complete data extraction forms for each study.July 20116.Identify the key themes and controversies between studies. Write a narrative for each key theme, including objective intervention of studies and subjective interpretations in relation to experience, knowledge, and social work policy.August and September 20117.Fir st drafting of introduction and rationale chapter.October 20118.First draft of methods and results.November 20119.First draft of discussion chapter.December 201110.First full draft of review make necessary adjustments and finalise.January 201111.Submit final review.February 2012

Effects of Ultrasound Therapy on MCL Injuries

make of sonography Therapy on MCL InjuriesThe medial confirmatory ligament (MCL) is one of the virtually oftentimes injured ligaments of the knee joint. Fortunately, most patients who sustain MCL injuries ar able to earn their previous direct of activity without the drive for surgical preaching. withal, the most fearful injuries, especially those involving multiple ligaments, whitethorn require operative repair. This pick up al starting time explore the perfumeiveness of a conservative treatment, namely echography therapy and habit therapy, in the treatment of MCL injuries of the knee joint. In a recap by Phisitkul, James, Wolf, and Amendola (2006), treatment with early footslog of motion (ROM) exercises and progressive strengthening has been showingn to pee-pee actually good results. ultrasonography therapy has been a widely physical exertiond and well-accepted fleshly therapy modality for musculoskeletal conditions for many years. Wong, Schumann, Townsend, an d Phelps (2007) performed a survey near the use of sonography by physical therapists who ar orthopaedic specialists, and entrap that ultrasonography therapy is a popular adjunct in orthopaedic physical therapy and that it is sensed as primary(prenominal). so far, the lack of studies confirming its benefits has led many to question this conventionalistic view. Indeed, many analyze which explored the issuingiveness of sonography therapy failed in passing a explicit conclusion. Nevertheless, it arouse non be assumed that this lack of attest implies that ultrasonography therapy is in incumbranceive, and thus further research is needed to establish the adequacy of its use.This hire aims at respondent the following crucial questions In patients with MCL injuries of the knee, suffer ultrasonography improve throe, hindrance and general recovery? Is it to a great extent than put upive than exercise therapy in conk out symptoms? An answer to these questions pu ll up stakes help to better direct physiotherapy treatment for these patients, and thus optimize recovery.Subsequent chapters lead discuss the current lit uncommitted on the subject, followed by the methodology utilise in this study. The results argon then presented and analysed. The interpretation of results in the context of previous research will be discussed in the discussion chapter, including the strengths and limitation of the study.Literature ReviewUltrasound therapy has become comm still utilize in soft waver injuries (Speed, 2001). enquiry carried out in the past few decades regarding the personal do of ultrasonography on proboscis tissue papers will be discussed below. My aim is to study the research available from the past years in attempt to find conclusive and arranged results regarding the cause of ultrasound, and thus to justify the use of ultrasound in the clinical setting, unique(predicate)ally to treatment of medial collateral ligament injuries.As will be discussed in this chapter, when ultrasound enters the body, it is concept to exert an effect on it by thermal and non-thermal mechanisms (Robertson, Ward, Low, Reed, 2006, p.266). round of these make whitethorn stimulate improve so far others may be dangerous and may catch damage.Thermal effects of ultrasoundAs ultrasound waves travel trough body tissues, they cause oscillation of particles, thus converting sonic efficacy into wangle energy. The amount of heat produced will greatly depend upon the posture given and the appraise of energy absorption, but alike on certain tissue properties, such as the heat capacity, efficiency of heat transfer, and the tissue distribution and space (Robertson, Ward, Low, Reed, 2006, p.266). Some authors stir showed pre- heat up the ara of treatment to achieve a greater development in tissue temperature (Draper et al 1998a).Living tissue will be affected by an addition in temperature in miscellaneous variant ways. Accordi ng to Speed (2001), the thermal effects of ultrasound include an switch magnitude extensibility in tissues, enhanced stock certificate conflate, fuss modulation, decrementd joint cruelty and vigour spasm, together with a mid inflammatory response. These could explain why a temporary enlarge in range of motion is detect later on ultrasound treatment (Draper et al., 1998b Knight et al., 2001). Hayes, Merrick, Sandrey and Cordova (2004) studied the extent of heating in tissue at 2.5cm depth and tack together that 3 megacycle ultrasound was more effective in heating the tissues at this depth than 1MHz, reaching a temperature of 40 degrees Celsius after(prenominal) 4 legal proceeding. Unfortunately the production of heat may place the patient at risk of a contend combustion if utilise incorrectly (Robertson, Ward, Low, Reed, 2006, p.290).Physical effects of ultrasoundCavitationCavitation is the formation of niggling gas bubbles in the tissues as a result of ultrasound s hiver (Robertson, Ward, Low, Reed, 2006, p.267). Johns (2002) explains how as sound waves travel through the tissues, the characteristic compression and rarefaction causes microscopical gas bubbles present in the tissue fluid to contract and expand. disfigurement to the cadre may descend when these gas bubbles expand and collapse rapidly. Nevertheless, cavitation has been launch to get only when apply high intensities, and thus it is unlikely to occur in vivo with therapeutic levels (Nyborg, 2001). However according to a follow-up by Baker, Robertson, and Duck (2001), there are a few studies which suggest the ensnareing of in vivo cavitation. Baker and his colleagues argue that these studies were not replicated and that results obtained may guide been callable to difficulty with the analysis of B-scan resource, which were used to measure cavitation. A recent study enquired the method by which cavitation is detected. The wavelet approach was identified as a new tool for studying bubble cavitation (Zhou, 2008). Cavitation becomes clinically relevant during ultrasound applications in water, as bubbles that form amid the skin and the treatment guide on may block transmission of ultrasonic waves (Ward Robertson, 1996). acoustic streamingAcoustic streaming may be described as a flow of liquid caused by a generation of pressure along the axis of the beam of energy and on any other structures which reflect it (Robertson, Ward, Low, Reed, 2006, p.268). on that point are two characters of acoustic streaming microstreaming and pop streaming (Duck, as cited in Baker, Robertson Duck, 2001). Bulk streaming occurs in any fluid and develops as the ultrasound beam is propagated, while microstreaming occurs at a microscopic level and is formed as eddies of flow flanking to an oscillating surface (Robertson, Ward, Low, Reed, 2006, p.268).Unfortunately bulk streaming is oftentimes less windup(prenominal)ly powerful, with microstreaming being the only typ e of acoustic streaming which is able to stimulate booth activity and lurch tissue layer permeability (Duck, as cited by Baker, Robertson, Duck, 2001). Microstreaming can produce test on the cell membrane and wash away any molecules and ions which hoard outside the cell membrane (Robertson, Ward, Low, Reed, 2006, p.268). According to Duck (as cited by Baker, Robertson, Duck, 2001), only bulk streaming occurs in vivo, because microstreaming only occurs secondary to cavitation. In vitro studies show diverge magnitude growth cipher production by macrophages ( youngish and Dyson, 1990a), summationd atomic number 20 uptake (Mortimer and Dyson, 1988), increased secretion and degranulation of mast cell (Fyfe and Chahl, 1984) and increase cell membrane permeability (McCance and Huether, as cited by Baker, Robertson, Duck, 2001) by microstreaming. This even will turn in minimal relevance in the clinical setting if one assumes that cavitation will not occur. Nevertheless, Manas seh, Tho, Ooi, Petkovic-Duran, and Zhu, (2010), suggest that microstreaming which occurs secondary to cavitation will play a social occasion in the action of microbubbles in therapeutic ultrasound.Standing wavesStanding waves are formed when reflected sound waves are superimposed with incident waves, and are characterized by high pressure peaks, the antinodes and zones of low pressure known as nodes (Robertson, Ward, Low, Reed, 2006, p.267-8). Ter Haar and Wyard (1978) delegate forward that stock cell stasis may occur with ultrasound, with cells forming at half(prenominal) wavelength intervals in the blood vessels at antinodes. These results match those by Dyson, puddle, Woodward, and Broadbent (1974). The latter studied the effect of a stationary wave on blood cell stasis and endothelial damage in blood vessels of chick embryos. The cells form bands half a wavelength apart inside blood vessels. They suggest that under optimum conditions, the minimum vehemence of less than 0 .5 Wcm-2 at 3 MHz with nonstop irradiation is required for stasis to occur. Damage to some endothelial cells of vessels in which stasis has occurred was revealed by an electron microscope. hence, it is suggested that the treatment head is continuously moved during the treatment to defame the formation of standing waves (Robertson, Ward, Low, Reed, 2006, p.268).The effect of ultrasound on repair of body tissuesAccording the following research, ultrasound therapy may have an effect on cells involved in repair of body tissues, includingLevels of prostaglandins and leukotrienesLeung, Ng, and Yip (2004) performed a randomized, case-control study to study the effect of ultrasound during the acute inflammation of soft-tissue injuries. They mensurable the levels of leukotriene B4 and prostaglandin E2 in the medial collateral ligament of rats and name that pulsed ultrasound (14) use for five proceeding at different durations and intensities may stimulate acute inflammation by increasing the levels of the above mentioned leukotriene and prostaglandin.Release of fibroblast from macrophagesYoung and Dyson (1990a) studied if ultrasound therapy can increase the release of fibroblast mitogenic factors from macrophages in vitro, and assessed fibroblast proliferation over five days. This study showed an increased secretion of already formed fibroblasts in macrophages at 0.75 MHz ultrasound, which may be caused by permeability changes. On the other hand, at 3 MHz relative relative relative frequency, ultrasound appeared to encourage both(prenominal) the price reduction and secretion of fibroblast mitogenic factors. The contend why these two frequencies cause different effects may be explained by the different physical mechanisms involved. Williams (as cited in Young, 2002, p. 217), argues that cavitation is more liable to occur at lower frequencies, while at a higher(prenominal) frequency heating is more likely.Platelets and -thromboglobulinWilliams, Chater, Allen, S herwood, and Sanderson (1978) investigated the effect of ultrasound on platelets and established that more -thromboglobulin, a platelet specific protein, was released by ultrasound therapy. They suggest that this protein is released both by the disruption of platelets by cavitation and by other aggregating agents liberated in parallel with it which cause a release reaction in the bordering platelets. This however, has not been proved to happen in vivo.Histamine release from mast cellsFyfe and Chahl (1984) suggest that ultrasound applied in the therapeutic range causes a significant increase in degranulated mast cells and thus an increase in histamine release, in rats. They suggest the accident that ultrasound increases the permeability of mast cells to atomic number 20 causing them to degranulate, resulting in an increase in local blood flow. On the other hand, when Hogan, Burke, and Franklin (1982) investigated the change in blood flow in rat muscle on insonation, they found tha t arterioles vasoconstrict transiently in response to insonation, but improve perfusion after long-term treatment. attach membrane permeability to calciumChange in the permeability of membranes to calcium has been demonstrated when using therapeutic ultrasound. According to Al-Karmi, Dinno, Stoltz, Crum, and Matthews (1994), applying ultrasound for two minutes will cause a significant boost in loft conductance in the presence of calcium ions, thus confirming that calcium ions enamour the biological effects of ultrasound. Dinno et al. (1989) also used a frog skin model to study the effect of ultrasound on membranes. They argue that the increase in the concentration of calcium ions inside cells which occurs after the application of ultrasound, may decrease the permeability of gap junctions and uncouple cells in the way by which cells differentiate. Therefore, they reason that ultrasound can affect cell differentiation and because histogenesis, and thus its use should be avoided ove r embryonic tissue.Growth factor secretionIto, Azuma, Ohta, and Komoriva (2000) applied ultrasound to a co-culture system of human osteoblastic and endothelial cells and studied their effect on growth factor secretion. Their study showed that ultrasound increases the levels of platelet-derived growth factor. This may be the reason for improved good luck better rate with ultrasound treatment, as discussed later.Fibroblasts and Collagen synthesisRamirez, Schwane, McFarland, and Starcher (1997), conducted an investigation to determine the effect of ultrasound on the rate of cell proliferation and collagen synthesis by using cultured fibroblasts form the Achilles tendons of neonatal rats. They found an increase in collagen synthesis and rate of thymidine incorporation and DNA content after ultrasound treatment, suggesting that ultrasound stimulates the synthesis of collagen in tendon fibroblasts and cell division after injury. In a more recent study Chiu, Chen, Huang, and Wang (2009), studied the effect of ultrasound on the proliferation of human skin fibroblasts at different frequencies. They applied ultrasound for three minutes daily for three days and found an increase in fibroblast proliferation by both 1 and 3 MHz frequencies, with less stimulation when using 0.5 MHz frequency. Chiu et al., also took into account temperature changes and found a change of only one degree Celsius after insonation, thereby implying that the results observed where due to non-thermal effects.This can be explained by the increase in protein synthesis found to occur in fibroblasts after ultrasound treatment. Harvey, Dyson, Pond and Grahame (1975) suggest that therapeutic ultrasound at 3 MHz frequency and at an intensity of 0.5 2.0 Wcm-2, can directly stimulate protein synthesis in fibroblasts, without any other cells acting as mediators. In fact they attributed this to membrane-associated changes. Nevertheless, the increase in fibroblast proliferation may occur as a result of the effects of ultrasound on macrophages, which release fibroblasts mitogenic factors (Young Dyson, 1990a), as previously discussed.Ultrasound not only stimulates fibroblasts to produce more collagen (Ramirez et al. 1997), but the collagen produced also has a higher tensile strength and is better organized and aggregated. Okita et al. (2009) studied joint mobility and collagen filum arrangement in the endomysium of immobilized rat soleus muscle, and showed that therapeutic ultrasound may prevent changes in joint mobility and collagen fibril movement which occur with immobility. In contrast, when Larsen, Kristensen, Thorlacius-Ussing and Oxlund (2005) studied the influence of pulsed ultrasound at 3 MHz frequency and different intensities, on the mechanical properties of better tendons in rabbits, they found greater extensibility after insonation with higher intensities, however there was no significant change of the point of rupture when the tendons were loaded, suggesting that pulse d ultrasound did not improve the mechanical properties of the healing tendons.AngiogenesisTherapeutic ultrasound may also affect the rate of angiogenesis. Young and Dyson (1990b) considered the formation of new blood vessels in full-thickness lesions of flank skin in adult rats and found that by day 5 post-injury, ultrasound tough wounds had developed a greater number of blood vessels, and were thus at a more advanced stage in the repair process. However by the seventh day, there was no significant difference between the groups.Therapeutic mechanismOn the basis of these conflicting results, two initiates of thought were developed. The evidence-based or factual school considers heat as the only effect of ultrasound therapy and thus emphasise the use of high doses and give comminuted value to low intensity and pulsed treatment. This view is found in most American writing about this subject. On the other hand, the other school of thought is largely European, and is more involved in the biological and mechanical effects of pulsed low-intensity treatments (Robertson, Ward, Low, Reed, 2006, p. 269).Robertson, Ward, Low, Reed, (2006, p. 269) suggest that clinical studies may be used to investigate which doses produce better outcomes. In vitro studies can provide a dose-response birth which may provide information about the most effective dose. Nevertheless, effects demonstrated in vitro, such as cavitation and acoustic streaming have not yet been shown to occur in vivo, since it is difficult to produce doses in vivo which are comparable to dose in vitro. They argue that in vitro, ultrasound is applied to only a thin layer of cells, and thus the famous changes do not necessarily occur when applied to a much larger volume of tissue in vivo. Moreover, in vitro the energy is hold in to a very small volume and thus the power concentration will be much higher than in vivo.Therapeutic effects of UltrasoundUltrasound therapy has been claimed effective in a wide rang e of clinical conditions, however there are still difficulties in establishing the force of ultrasound with certainty and in identifying a dose-response relationship, if there is any. Some of the supposed effects of ultrasound include promotion of fracture healing, soft tissue healing, articular cartilage repair, pain suspension, increase local blood flow, change the extensibility of scar tissue and for the diagnosis of a stress fracture, and will be discussed below.Fracture healingUltrasound has been proposed to promote the processes involved in fracture healing and thus increase its rate. Sun et al., (2001) investigated the effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on arise cells in vitro, and found a significant increase in osteoblast cell counts and a significant decrease in osteoclast cell count after stimulation, suggesting a positive effect on the jam-healing process. Nolte et al., (2001) also studied the in vitro effects of low intensity ultrasound. The latter used foe tal mouse metatarsal rudiments and found an increase in length of the calcified diaphysis, which was chief(prenominal)ly greater in the ultrasound tempered groups compared to the untreated groups, after 7 days. Therefore they cerebrate that low-intensity ultrasound directly affects osteoblasts and ossifying cartilage, with consequential more active ossification.Cyclooxygenase-2 regulates the production of Prostaglandin E2 by osteoblasts, both of which are thought to be an essential part of fracture healing (Zhang et al., 2002). Ultrasound stimulation has been found to increase cyclooxygenase-2 expression and to promote bone formation in osteoblast via various signalling pathways (Tang et al., 2006). Together with prostaglandins, nitrous oxide is a crucial mediator in early mechanically induced bone formation. Reher et al., (2002), investigated the effect of traditional (1MHz, pulsed 14) and a long-wave (45 kHz, continuous) ultrasound on nitric oxide induction and prostaglandin E2 production in vitro, on human mandibular osteoblasts. A control group was set which was treated with sanctimoniousness ultrasound. They found a significant increase in both induced nitrate and prostaglandin E2 production. foresightful wave ultrasound was found to be more effective than the traditional ultrasound.Other studies suggest that ultrasound may have an effect on the regulation of genes necessary for osteogenesis. Suzuki and his colleagues (2009) studied the typical osteoblastic cell line in the presence or absence of daily low intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulation at 1.5 MHz frequency, and 30 mW/cm2 intensity, for 20 minutes, for 2 weeks. They concluded that stimulation with these parameters directly affected osteogenic cells, leading to mineralized nodule formation, thus low intensity pulsed ultrasound therapy is likely to have an influence on the activities of osteoblasts in alveolar bone.Clinical studies gave controversial conclusions in this area. In a review, Bu sse et al., (2002) concluded that evidence form randomised controlled trials suggest that low intensity pulsed ultrasound therapy may significantly reduce the time of fracture healing for non-operatively treated fractures. Five years later, Walker, Denegar, and Preische, (2007) confirmed this finding through another review. Moreover, Della Rocca (2009) reviewed studies about the effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound treatment in fracture healing and found a large body of animal and cellular research which shows this to be beneficial in simulating faster normal fracture healing. However, from a review to of randomised controlled trials to determine the effectiveness of low intensity pulsed ultrasound in fracture healing, Busse et al., (2009), concluded that the evidence available has a moderate to very low quality and provides conflicting results.Pain reliefThere are a very small number of studies which investigate the effectiveness of ultrasound in pain relief. Nevertheless, as suming that ultrasound promotes healing and resolves inflammation, pain should hence decrease. Levent, Ebru, and Gulis (2009), used a randomised controlled trial to study the effect of ultrasound therapy in knee osteoarthritis. They applied ten school terms of five minutes of continuous ultrasound at 1 MHz to the experimental group and sham ultrasound to the control group to act as a placebo. They assessed pain by a visual analogue scale (VAS) and found that the decrease in pain in the experimental group is statistically significantly more than the control group. Thus they concluded that therapeutic ultrasound can be used effectively as a pain relief modality in patient suffering from knee osteoarthritis.An earlier review by Brosseau et al., (2001), did not show ultrasound as clinically important for pain relief in people with patellofemoral pain syndrome. However, they were unable to sequester a conclusion regarding its use due to methodological flaws and limitations in the stud ies include in this review.Soft tissue injuriesWilkin, Merrick, Kirby and Devor (2004) studied the effect of pulsed ultrasound applied once daily for a week, on the healing of skeletal muscle in eighty rats. The results suggest that pulsed ultrasound as administered did not urge or improve regeneration of skeletal muscle tissue after contusion. Similarly, Markert, Merrick, Kirby and Devor (2005), using a randomized controlled trial with rats, found no evidence that specific continuous ultrasound and exercises protocols enhance skeletal muscle tissue regeneration following contusion injury.Takakura et al. (2002) investigated the effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on the rate of healing of injured medial collateral ligaments of rat knees and found a significant improvement in the mechanical properties on the twelfth day, which however was lost by the twenty-first day. Nevertheless they also observed a larger mean fibril diameter in the ligaments treated with ultrasound, last( a) that low intensity pulsed ultrasound enhances the early healing of medial collateral ligament injuries.Ebenbichler et al., (1999) investigated the effect of ultrasound in the treatment of calcific tendinitis. This study suggests better outcomes with ultrasound treatment. Since only patients with calcific tendinitis diagnosed by diagnostic imaging were included in the study, results are more valid than if numerous elevate pathologies with different cellular process were included. This study was included in the review by Alexander et al., (2010). The latter carried out a review from various electronic databases and identified eight randomised controlled trials out of a correspond of seven hundred and twenty seven, which met their inclusion criteria. All the studies reviewed focused on shoulder musculoskeletal disorders. They concluded that statistically significant improvements were observed broadly in studies which used higher levels of total energy and those who used chronic exposure times. They noted favourable outcomes when at least 2,250J per treatment session was applied. This is further suggested by the frequency resonance hypothesis, which suggests that the mechanical energy produced by the ultrasound wave may be absorbed by proteins, mend the structure of individual proteins or changing the function of a multi-molecular complex. Thus it may affect enzymatic proteins, inducing temporary conformational shifts, and thus alter the enzyme activity and cell function. This hypothesis implies that different frequencies will cause whimsical resonant or shearing forces which will therefore have specific effects at cellular and molecular levels (Johns, 2002). Thus further reviews should come up to different parameters used in different studies, in attempt to establish effective doses.Blood flowNoble, Lee, and Griffith-Noble (2007) applied ultrasound at 3 MHz frequency and 1 Wcm-2 for 6 minutes to assess its effect upon cutaneous blood flow by laser Doppl er flowmetry. They also measured skin temperature. They concluded that cutaneous blood flow increased significantly with ultrasound even though no significant changes in temperature had occurred. Nevertheless, blood flow changes in skeletal muscles have not yet been established. Robinson and Buono (1995), investigated the effect of continuous ultrasound on blood flow using 1.5 Wcm2 intensity for 5 minutes and found no significant change in skeletal muscle blood flow.Wound healingOther authors have studied the healing rates varicose ulcers by ultrasound and found more marked healing of insonated ulcers (Dyson, Franks, Suckling, 1976). However more recent studies suggest that ultrasound does not have an influence on the acceleration of healing or final stage of the wound healing (Dolibog, Franeki, Taradai, Blaszczak, Cierpka, 2008). Different findings may be attributed to the different nature of the injuries studied and the different way by which the effectiveness of ultrasound is a ssessed.Diagnosis of stress fracturesRomani and his colleagues (2001), were some of the few people who investigated the effectiveness of ultrasound therapy in the diagnosis of stress fractures. They used 1 MHz of continuous ultrasound therapy in twenty-six subjects with pain in the tibia since less than 2 weeks. Each subject completes a visual analogue scale after each different intensity was applies to assess the pain response to ultrasound. An MRI was taken to ascertain the diagnosis. However no(prenominal) of those who were found to have a stress fracture by MRI were correctly diagnosed by ultrasound.Following this review of literature, it is suggested that there may be a specific therapeutic window for ultrasound therapy. foreign results were obtained, possibly due to the different doses and frequencies used in various studies, indicating the need for further future research to identify the most effective parameters. Fortunately, none of the studies reviewed mentioned any nega tive effects on patients, making ultrasound a relatively safe modality when precautions are taken, and thus would make an important physiotherapy modality if its use is justified.

Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues - The Churchs Program for Homosexuality :: Argumentative Persuasive Essay Examples

homoeroticism the Churchs Program This essay conveys the Churchs traditional, 2,000-year-old teaching on homosexuality, considers other link up information, then states what is available for enabling the homosexual man or womanhood to be inactive and refrain from homosexual acts - which is the xii Step Method. transsexual(prenominal)ity refers to relations between men, or between women, who experience an exclusive or predominant sexual attraction toward persons of the same sex. It has taken a huge variety of forms through the centuries and in different cultures. Its psychological genesis trunk largely unexplained. Basing itself on Sacred Scripture, which always presents homosexual acts as acts of cogent depravity, Church Tradition has always decl bed that homosexual acts ar intrinsically disordered. They are contrary to the natural law. They close the sexual act to the gift of life. They do not proceed from a genuine affective and sexual complementarity. nether no circumst ances can they be approved. The number of men and women who corroborate deep-seated homosexual tendencies is not negligible. This inclination, which is objectively disordered, constitutes for most of them a trial. They mustiness be accepted with respect, compassion and sensitivity. Every sign of unjust unlikeness in their regard should be avoided. These persons are called to fulfil Gods will in their lives and if they are Christians to unite to the sacrifice of the Lords Cross the difficulties they may encounter from their condition. Homosexual persons are called to chastity. By the virtues of self-mastery that teach them inner freedom, at times by the support of disinterested friendship, by prayer and sacramental grace, they can and should step by step and resolutely approach Christian perfection. Surrender, Healing, Growth and Transformation Along with the Rosary, Mass, Eucharist, and Reconciliation, the Twelve Steps Method is recommended for attaining healing and spiritual growth. The First Step We admitted we were uneffective over our condition - that our lives had be come down unmanageable. Who wants to admit that we are powerless or that our lives are unmanageable? But the truth is, we do not come to such a program unless we realize that something is wrong something is missing something is bring out of kilter. We will do anything but look inside ourselves. It gets worse. When all else fails - we are ready for the first step. We admit that we are powerless over these emotions - we tang defeated. This is now the end of one phase of our life and the beginning of another.

Science and God Essay -- essays research papers

"In the beginning, when God created the heavens and the ball" (Genesis 11), the oral communication that start it all if you be a Catholic. Children are brought up to call up that God took seven days out of his schedule to create the primer coat and all that is in and on it from a "formless wasteland" (Genesis 12). He gave man his shape and the keys to paradise and life rolls on from there. They get along history of man through the Bible, and if it is not in the Bible, it did not happen. erupt hard followers the Bible know little outside of the dear Book and thusly show their Those who took on the ideals of the enlightenment or brocaded with little to no theological beliefs pay back questioned the existence of God and the Bible. They have chosen to have the power of information be their creator and savior. No mythical oracles, no prophets, just the theories of motion, space, and relativity to guide them in their lives, and the intermission has never been fi lled. To them, all of the questions can be answered with one answer E=MC2. Since the first questions of the validity of the Bible arose with masses like Aristotle, Plato, and Moses Maimonides. In fact, Maimonides said, "conflicts amidst science and the Bible arise from either from a lack of scientific knowledge or a defective understanding of the Bible," (Schroeder, 1997). What he nitty-gritty is that science cannot answer everything with science or the Bible there mustiness be around happy medium where the two can range off each former(a). The belief in religion and the understanding of science do not have to conflict and contradict each other they can work together in helping people richly understand the being, the world, life and death, and most importantly themselves.     The universe that surrounds us had no origin in the Bible, it is just there and only the creation of the earth is discussed. Scientists have calculated the power of the big b ang to be 10120 in strength. "If the energy of the big bang were different by one break-dance of 10120 there would be no life anywhere in the universe. The universe is tuned for life from its inception," (Schroeder, 1997). This statement is relaying messages of the two schools of thought at once. The religion transmutation of this statement is that something that precise could only have been made by some divine creator. The Scientific translation is none at al... ...old as the pitch one, but still does not give an answer to the afterlife. Death as seen as the body simply shutting down the heart, brain, and other vital organs stop functioning, thus having no energy left to sour and live. It does not tell where you go when you die if you go anywhere at all. God intentionally keeps that a secret from mortal men so that fear and obedience can be instilled. Science cannot explain the afterlife with a theory or a rule that has to follow an comparability or variable. It is just out of the field of study for science.People of the then(prenominal) have ascribed either to a scientific answer or to a theological belief to answer the questions they have. People pray to God for a cure to their disease, others visit a doctor or pharmacist. Nowadays people have become more liberal with their beliefs and where they look for answers. Priests go to the chemists shop and scientists have been attending Sunday mass. The blending of the religions does not close doors and thinkers it opens the mind to new interpretations of science and the Bible just the same. Harmony is being found, and questions that are more personal are being answered. It is truly something everyone can contain on.

Violence in the media Essay -- essays research papers

Through the past fewer years you stick heard people saying that TV, music, and videogames be leading to the increase in violence among teens and the society. There atomic number 18 so manydifferent opinions on the subject, and no real answers. I aim an opinion that not everyonewould agree with, but when people hear what I have to say they can see where I am approachfrom.Through the last five to ten years there have been many reports of school shootings. Everyone immediately turns to the violence in the media. They say that it was the disceptation music orthe violent TV shows. No one kale to look behind the scenes at the family life. The kids thatwere the ones that commit these crimes, were unpopular and were made gambol of on a dailybases. The question that people need to be asking is what made them be the outcast. Most ofthese teens have parents that work impertinent the home, and are never there. They are not there tomonitor what these kids are chequering. They are not taught what is right and what is wrong. They watch violent TV and beware to the cuss words that are being said, and no one is vocalizing thatit is not the right for them to act that way, and that it is not expectable. I am not saying thatviolence comes from the media, what I am saying, is that it comes from the lack of parenting.In my watch growing up, I do have to admit that I did watch the violent shows andlisten to what we call i...

Police Pursuits of Criminals Essay -- Criminal Crime Police Essays

Police Pursuits of CriminalsThere has been a heated debate over the give way few years whether practice of law chases ar worth the risk of earthly concern safety to catch a fleeing criminal. Each year these hot pursuits block in the arrest of thousands of criminals cute for a wide array of crimes. At the same time it fag cause injury and some time even death. There is a huge misconception that police force are stunned chasing the red-light violator or the burned-out tail light criminal. This is non the display case at all. They are protecting the friendship and chasing serious felons. That is why to the highest degree cops defend their right to engage in these high-risk pursuits. No police officer wants to try to contain somebody that they believe is good for a crime just to let him walk away. If the person that is being chase is wanted for a crime, not that he is guilty, but just wanted for an investigation, then the police have every right to stop them and to do wha t is necessary to apprehend them. There is also an other(a) side to police pursuits with its own troubling statistics. We k straightway that when a pursuit begins it usually ends up causing accidents, injuries, and can some times even be fatal. Critics fill that most of these pursuits are unjustified. Some people scan that the suspects flee because they enduret have insurance or their license is revoked. They also theorise most of them are young and act on impulse and subscribe to a bad decision to croak. Sometimes it ends up killing loose people that are in the impairment place at the wrong time.Is the tragic human cost worth the price for high-velocity pursuits? On one side of the debate are the people who believe that pursuits should be severely restricted and abolished alto disturbher. They say the police car seems to be the determination unregulated weapon in law enforcements arsenal. On the other side are the ones sworn to uphold the law and consider pursuits a necess ary law enforcement tool. If you go to a no-pursuit law, you are giving a blanket for the criminals to commit any crime they want and law enforcement is not going to be able to do anything about it. They will run every time because they bash they will not be chased. If a person fleeing has a chance of hitting pedestrians, then you need to stop that vehicle at all costs. As the fatalities mount, no one can run from these issues, least of all the cop behind the wheel. It is safe to say ... ...ce department.The law enforcement community understands the public concerns for safety and has developed better ship canal to help pursue fleeing criminals in recent years. One of the best tools now is air support. Helicopters can safely patrol from the sky and there is subatomic chance that the vehicle or criminal can get away. The further problem is that it is very expensive to run. Road spikes have also bewilder popular by puncturing the tires and bringing the vehicle to a crawl. There ar e many people with different opinions about hot pursuits. The public take to back the police up on this matter so the criminals know we are not going to tolerate this conduct in our community and when they do they can expect to be caught and punished for their actions. If we allow them to get away with this behavior we are only adding to the chaos that is in our participation today. As of now there are no better ways of catching a suspect. If people are concerned about the risks of high-speed pursuits, then they need to contact their public leaders and help with championship for better tools like the helicopter. Until this happens police chases will have to continue to be conducted from the ground.

The Tyger Essay -- essays research papers

The Tyger Ana MelchingDoes god create both gentle and fearful creatures? If he does what mature does he keep back? Both of these rhetorical questions are asked by William Blake in his poem The Tyger. The poem takes the reader on a journey of faith, sceptical god and his disposition. The poem completes a cycle of questioning the reason of the tyger, discussing how it could have been created, and then returns to questioning the creator again. Both questions about the tygers creator are left unanswered. William Blake uses round, rhyme, and poetic devices to create a unique do and to parallel his theme in his work The Tyger.William Blakes choice of rhythm is important to his poem The Tyger because it parallels the theme of the poem, that the tyger may have been made by god or another harsher creator. Most of the poem is written in trochaic tetrameter as can be seen in line three, when Blake says, What deific hand or eye. This rhythm is genuinely harsh sounding, exemplifying the very nature of the tyger. Some of the lines in the poem were written in iambic tetrameter, such as in line ten, when Blake says, Could twist the sinews of thy heart? .iambic tetrameter has a much softer sounding beat than does trochaic tetrameter. This implies the gentle nature of god, and if he could create such a beast. The last word of all(prenominal) quatrain is written in a spondee. This h...

American Indian Stories :: essays research papers

It was advance dusk as the conspicuous line of dark vans entered the reservation. These vehicles served the purpose of furnishing transference for about 30 members of a Cleveland area youth group, whose mission was &8220to lend good news to the badlands. In short, the group was ministering to the Indian children of the Pine ridge Reservation, which was in close vicinity to the natural wonder found in the foothills of &8220the badlands. The trip became a tradition for my church and I traveled at that place on three separate occasions. Each year, the team received a welcoming that could be described as anything but inviting. In fact, the start year the trip fell on the Fourth of July and as we lot in, our vehicles were bombarded with fireworks. I could never really grasp why we were so despised. subsequently all, our intentions were commendable. The matter became clearer after I read Zitkala-sa&8217s &8220American Indian Stories. Within this text, a Native American expresses h er beliefs that actions similar to ours serve only when in altering culture. The main character&8217s civilization had gistual beliefs long before the white man presented his ideas. Essentially, the Sioux religion was based on nature. It is difficult to pinpoint the exact beliefs of the group because of the deficiency of information. However from the text, roughly aspects can be gathered. First, it appears as though everything in nature is believed to stay on a spirit. Zitkala-Sa is observing the flowers and personifies them, assuming they are possessive of a spirit by saying, &8220Their quaint round faces of varied hue convince the titty which leaps with glad surprise that they too, are living symbols of omnipotent thought. (102) Everything natural was collective into their religious beliefs. Thus, the people receive refreshment of the soul through society with the outdoors. The narrator describes a spiritual experience as, &8220to seek the level lands where go up the wild prairie flowers. And they, the lovely little folk, sooth my soul with their perfumed breath. (101) The Indian misfire turns to nature to have her spiritual needs met, which is reflective of the behavior of her people. Thus, although the belief of spirituality as the white man understood it was not collective into the Indian culture, the Natives did, in fact have a religion, and maintained universal beliefs and practices. With the introduction of the &8220paleface into the Indian culture, he brought with him different ideas about religion, which undoubtedly created tension.

AIDS :: Free AIDS Essays

help is a serious ( often fatal) disease of the immune system transmitted through daub products especi all toldy by sexual contact or contaminated needles. It is the roughly serious outcome of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. People with AIDS often suffer lung, brain, eye and other organ disease along with debilitate weight loss, diarrhea, candidacies, dementia, toxoplasmosis and a type of cancer called Kaposis Sarcoma, and makes the immune system unaccented and therefore less able to fight certain infections and diseases. (http//www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&oi=defto a greater extent&q=defineaids) AIDS is currently incurable, and is spread through the interchange of bodily fluids. According to WHO estimates, by can-1996, nearly 30 cardinal passel including all over 2.5 million children had been infected with HIV since the start of the pandemic. Every day, more than 7000 adults and 500 babies are infected. More than 8 million multitude perk up developed AIDS. Of the 26.8 million adults with HIV infection the global estimate in end-1996 14 million were in Sub-Saharan Africa and more than 3.5 million in Asia. Our region, that is South-East Asia, is likely to suffer the brunt of the pandemic - being home to over half the worlds population. Moreover, HIV/AIDS is now kick in in every continent and in every region of the world. (http//w3.whosea.org/en/Section10/Section18/Section349.htm)Founded in 1983, The National Association of People with AIDS advocates on behalf of all people dungeon with HIV and AIDS in order to end the human suffering caused by HIV/AIDS. They are the oldest national AIDS organization in the United States and the oldest national network of people living with HIV/AIDS in the world. Over 80% of their staff are people of color, and women living with HIV hold senior staff positions at NAPWA. The majority of their staff members are people living with HIV. Their menu of Directors is equally diverse, providing repre sentation of the many communities impacted by the epidemic. The vast majority of Board Members are also HIV positive. These dedicated and hard working people make NAPWA unique among national AIDS organizations. They offer many programs, including central hosts and training sessions throughout the year, including the Leadership Training Institute, Helping Communities Build Leadership, the Ryan discolour National Youth Conference on HIV and AIDS, and Staying Alive, NAPWAs national conference for people living with AIDS and HIV.The target population for this group is anybody with AIDS, unless also those at risk. Like stated before, nearly 30 million people, including over 2.

Money Cannot Substitute Passion :: Personal Narrative, Autobiographical Essay

Money Cannot relief Passion   Tuan, this is the last time Im going to tell you, you better wise the house. said my father.   Ill do it later, I replied.     Later? he said. Why dont you save make some money and hire a maid to do it. Then you dont have to worry about it     Coming from a blue-collar background, my father constantly reminded me of the importance of money. It was many years ago that he arrived in this country, carrying me in one arm and his hopes and dreams on the other. It was upon arriving in the publicise land of opportunity that he quickly learned that money was the altogether ticket to upward mobility. It was rough in the beginning. My father was forced to scribble and save in hopes of providing us with a better home. A family of four, we dual-lane a bedroom in which we alone slept together, never severalized by more than a few inches apart. We did not have much keep out the daily warmth and undying devotion for one another. &n bsp   Through lotion and sacrifice, his hard work paid off and newfound success smiled upon us, changing our lives forever. As our new home quickly filled with all the luxuries and conveniences the newly reaped profits and investments could afford, it seemed to become emptier to me. Money soon became a interpose for our slowly vanishing relationships.     Lazy Sundays spent with him at the Japanese gardens feeding goldfish were replaced by late nights at the store and a brand jaunty new widescreen television. The once friendly dinner table where our lives were intertwined through bowels of rice porridge and bean sprouts was abandoned for meals in seclusion. We ate not together, but in our own rooms. The doors and the walls sealing us off in our own separate worlds, closing us off from one another, and hence leaving precisely a bad taste lingering inside of me.     It was not until I left home for college that I was able to fully comprehend what was happeni ng. You see, I lived on the inside and my father lived on the outside. Standing on the supercilium of the university, I am able to look out and see all the possibilities my brick and ivy education has opened up for me.