Relationship Between Inflation and Wage Rates

Relationship Between Inflation and Wage rankThe R uncoiled is also known as the goodness of travel. The R- squargon is found between zero and one. If the R-squ ar is close to one, it is a good fit and if it is near to zero, it is non a good fit. Now, if the R-squ ar is equal to one, it is a gross(a) fit (R-square=1). The formula for R-square is explained sum of square divided by the correspond sum square.R -Square = ESS/TSSIn this impersonate, in that location are 59 observations where the R-square is 0.512 and in terms of percentage it is 51.2 which is a bit low. The range 53 is obtained by (58-5) and 58 is obtained by (59-1). When R square comes out to be a positive figure, it is recognised as the coefficient of multiple correlativity. The R square is 51.2 which is low and is non a good fit because information was non available in the occupy enume say index in Mauritius forrader 1992. in that locationfore, the largeness regulate pile be resolved with bigheart ed medication intervention. The adjusted R square is 0.466 and the root MSE is 0.42203.Blue means surpass linear Unbiased Estimator. BLUE comes from the instance of Gauss Markov Theorem. Firstly, Best is about the class which comes out to be the smallest in nurture. Secondly, Linear means t lid the function should be a linear one. Thirdly, Unbiased means that the judge beta hat should be equal to the value of the real beta. Finally, it is an efficient one as it has the least variance in the model.Multicollinearity came out from the research bet of forest fire fighter Frisch. The VIF is a good way to detect multicollinearity. If the VIF is much than 10, then in that respect is the problem of multicollinearity. In our model the VIF is less than 10. If in multicollinearity, the R-square is greater the model pass on be good. Table 4.5 is on Multicollinearity Test used VIF operatorVariableVIF1/VIFIn IMP9.50.18603In PPI8.690.17937In EXP8.540.11704In gross domestic product4.360. 229406In INF1.10.908899Auto correlativity is correlation between members of observations ordered in prison term as in clock time-series data or space as in cross sectional data. Autocorrelation is implicated with time series abstract. Autocorrelation can be positive as well(p) as negative in figures.In a simpler way, it can be understood that the disturbance term is not affected by other mode of observation.Ho no serial correlationH1 serial correlationTable 4.6 on Heteroskedasticity and serial correlationTESTCHI2PROB CHI2DFHeteroskedasticity0.190.6614Serial correlation1.0430.30711.00When the P-value is greater than 0.1, we should accept the zilch hypothesis (Ho) .In other words, on that point bequeath be no serial correlation.Ho HomoscedasticityH1 HeteroscedasticityA second rivulet is for the problem of heteroscedasticity. The above table is showing a probability value which is lower than 0.1, meaning that heteroscedasticity is present in the model the estimators are not BLUE and thus need to be corrected by fetching robust old-hat errors.4.4Regress and outlineTable 4.7Regression and AnalysisTable 4.7 Dep destructionent enlistDep culminationent WageVariablesCoefficientsP-valueStd Errt-ratioIn INF1.1529070.0960.7098711.62In EXPORT2.40420.0170.9713442.48In IMPORT-3.448790.0000.541179-6.37In gross domestic product0.5008920.1150.3121451.6In PPI3.36880.0000.6675965.05CONSTANT2.9048490.4924.2004780.69Number of observations59F( 5,53)11.12Prob F0R-Squared0.512It has been stated that when there is an increase in inflation prise, the engage prize should be increase by 1.152907. It is a positive household. This is so because both in edulco tar limit sector and manufacturing sector where most of the hoi polloi are employed, the charter estimate is move up. Nowadays even the tourism and financial sector are go in a positive trend and are employing more workers. The absorb count is change magnitude because they are making profits and the trade man and wife is bargaining for higher(prenominal) wage. The inflation rate is significant and the p value is 0.096. As the p value is to a lower place 0.1 we exit reject the null hypothesis. In Oswald (1982) where the wrongs were increasing more than the wage but in the end wages have been change magnitude with the bargaining power of the trade married couple. asunder from inflation, there are many factors that affect the wage rate much(prenominal) as sociable and politics. The governing of Mauritius has set up the Pay seek Bureau (PRB) and the National requital Board (NRB) to determine the wage rate of the civil servants and those volume working in the private sectors. In Mauritius, every(prenominal) five years, the PRB prevails a rise in the wage rate so that the employees can be compensated for the increase in the inflation rate. When the PRB does not cod any effect on the wage rate, the authorities exponent or should move towards the national minimum wage sche me.It is argued in Mauritius the wage- determine curl holds, as there is higher inflation rate in the nation where the workers get an increase in their wage rate. The government of Mauritius compensates the employees by great(p) them wage compensation which is calculated by the PRB (Pay Research Bureau) on a five years basis. As, the nominal wage increase, it can be seen that people tend to rent more, whereby expense will increase again and in the end, once again, they will be compensated for their loss in their acquire power. This is similar to the theory of Blanchard (1986) where he reports that as soon as there is a rise in the aggregate demand, the footing take goes up and the employees wage rate have been change magnitude. It has been shown in his theory that wage price spiral dynamics is found in all economy well-nigh the world when the decisions of the price and wage rate are not interpreted at the same time. In Mauritius, the PRB (Pay Research Bureau) reports to in crease and compensate the wage rate come after five years. Therefore, the price and wage rate decision are not taken at the same time in Mauritius. Therefore, Mauritius is influenced by wage-price spiral where wage rate of an employee should be increase when it is affected by the inflation rate.Moreover, there has been an increase in the merchandise prices, so it is absolute automatic that the wage rate should rise by 2.4042. It is a positive figure and it is also significant. The option hypothesis should be accepted. The products that Mauritius exports are fisheries, peag, flowers, clothes, jewellery and others. Mauritius exports most of its products to the European countries in the world. In the Manufacturing sector, in the 1970 Mauritius had an export processing scheme to export clothes abroad which were sort of helpful. Apart from the EPZ scheme, Mauritius was also focusing on the MEDIA (Mauritius Export nurture and enthronement Authority) 1984 where it helps Mauritius to export its products abroad more easily as well as help investors to invest in Mauritius. In 1997, the export of the products of EPZ has helped to mystify a rise in the GDP. In Subramanian and Roy (2001) reports that as Mauritius was exporting its products, it helps the Mauritian people to have a snap off standard of living and leads towards economic branch. In the past, the government was also giving subvention on export to light the effect of implicit value on the goods that were exported. As Mauritius is exporting more products to abroad, capital is advance into the field and the companies are making huge amounts of profits. The export companies are making huge amount of profits by direct their products abroad. As, the companies are maximising their profits, thus the company is more open to accept the elbow grease a higher wage rate. The Export leads to economic growth so the wage rate of all employees should be increase.Furthermore, it has been stated in the theory that when there is an increase in the GDP, the wage rate should be increased so that people can have a break standard of living. According to Marinakis (1980), when there is an increase in the GDP, the wage rate has moved up in the Latin America. Unfortunately, it is not possible in the slip of paper of Mauritius. It is quite surprising to note that the GDP will not increase wage rate in Mauritius. The wage rate will not be increased by 0.500892 which has a positive sign and the p value is 0.115 which is non-significant as the p-value is greater than 0.1. Therefore, the p value is fairly conditional relationant as it is closer to 0.1. The wage rate will not increase in Mauritius because it is the Pay Research Bureau (PRB) and the National Remuneration Board (NRB) do not depend on the GDP rate to summate an increase in the wage rate by giving wage compensation to the employees. The wage compensation is decided through the multilateral meeting in Mauritius. In the Journal of Sob hee (2009) shows that GDP has increased by 3 % in 2005. An increase in GDP rate in Mauritius will not bring an increase in the wage rate. GDP has some shortcomings which cannot be ignored. Firstly, GDP may not be save such as the underground economy and poor data collection. In Mauritius, the wage rate index data is available since 1992. Before 1992, there was no data on the wage rate index which shows a poor data collection was in practice in Mauritius before 1992.Nevertheless, it has to be highlighted that the import turns out to be negative -3.44879 as it was expected. The p value is 0 and it is significant .It has become negative because revenue are going abroad from Mauritius. Most of the products that Mauritius imported come from Europe and from unlike parts of the world such as China, India and among others. In Sargan (1980), the government has cast into practice the floating transfer rate where he varied the permute rate system and keep hold of the import prices. This i s different from the analysis as there has been the use of indirect taxes and ad-valorem tax rate in the other economy. The imports prices turn out to be negative because we are importation more products and less goods are being produced topically. Also, wages are rising more than the level of productivity level in the country, such as in the EPZ sector. Therefore, the wage rate will not be increased as the import figure is -3.44879.Factor price equalisation has to be taken into account in this study. Samuelson (1986) uses the theory of Heckscher Ohlin (1919) to introduce the factor price equalisation model o show the one to one affinity between relative commodity price and relative factor price. There are three assumptions which are as follows Firstly, there should be country A and country B that are producing both goods, the same level of technologies and there is equalisation of the prices of the product in both countries. Lets assume that Mauritius is export capital-intensive products such as clothing and import labour intensive products, for instance, food. The price of the import will be higher in Mauritius compared to the other nation as Mauritius would have produced and export the product if the price was lower, that is, comparative advantage. Mauritius is trading more this will cause a root in the wage rate of the country.Finally, when there is an increase in the maker price, the wage rate should be moved up by 3.3688. This is so because the trade union especially in the public sector and the sugar sector are very strong to bargain for a higher wage rate so that people have a better standard of living on this blue planet. Therefore, the manufacturer can hit for a higher price for their products. Even in the private sector the wage rate is increased by the trade union and the forces of demand and supply. The trade union has bargained to bring a rise in the wage rate and it has increased as they were having more money into their hands as the wage rate has goes up. In Mauritius, the producer price is useful for the sellers as well as the buyers to take precaution in advance against the coming inflation rate. The producer price will also be increased when the country is moving towards economic growth. In Borum (1981), the analysis is the same and there has been the use of anti-inflation programme to deal with inflation rate. The difference is that the wage rate is calculated in hourly earnings and in Mauritius it is based on normal hours of work. Even, the producer price turns out to be significant and the alternative hypothesis will be accepted. The producer price index shows the producer price meaning the producer inflation. As the producer price increases, they get more profits and thus the trade unions can bargain so as some of these profits are given to labour in terms of higher wage rate.4.5The Error Correction Model (ECM)As a next step, an Error correction model, made famous by Nobel Prize Winners Engle and Granger, is presented to capture the short-term effects of the variables in the model. The table below illust range that most of the variables in the model do have a short-run effect on the wage rate of the country in fact, inflation, GDP and PPI are returning a positive sign on the coefficient piece of music import on its turn is showing a negative sign. wrongdoing CORRECTION MODELVARIABLESCoefficientP-valueStd Errt-ratiodIninf1.9452320.1031.1717161.66dInexp-0.363930.9424.969895-0.07dInimp-0.0260900.002846-9.17dIngdp12.012380.0074.302282.79dInppi0.0031620.0180.0012922.45Ut-1-0.1770500.022963-7.71Constant-4.080790.71511.09744-0.37Observations58R- shape32.65Adj R-squared0.7691ProbF0Standard errors in parentheses*** pMoreover, the ECM variable (Ut-1) has the expected negative and significant sign, meaning that any errors happening in the model in the short-turn are indeed converging towards the long-run co-integrated relationship at a speed of 17.7%. It has to be taken into consideration that th e inflation, import, exports, producer prices which await to have a short term effect.CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS5.0 terminalAs a conclusion, it has to be noted that when there is an increase in the inflation rate, the wage rate should be increased. The government should give wage compensation to the employees so that they can have a better standard of living and fulfil their basic needs and wants. In Mauritius, the government has created institutions such as the PRB to bring an increase in the wage rate on an every five years basis and when the institution does not work properly and effectively, the government should shift to the minimum wage scheme. The results that have been obtained from the variables are positive except for the GDP rate.The econometric model that has been used is a log-log model to show the relationship between wage and other economic variables such as import, export, producer prices and others. The variables which are statistically significant a re inflation, import, export, producer prices and the GDP is an exception which is statistically insignificant. In Mauritius, it is confirmed that wages are affected by the prevailing inflation rate and holds a wage-price spiral model. The government needs to get involved to control the inflation rate in order to establish a balance in the society as well as the country can make progress in the future and moves towards economic growth. The government intervention is need as the R-squared is 51.2% which is low. The government should design some policies to combat the inflation rate.5.1Recommendations5.1.1 spell inflationMauritius is small country which depends on high level of import products. There will be imported inflation in the country. The government should find a way to import fewer products from abroad. The government should give some incentives and facilities to the people so that the products can be made locally instead of importing them. Thus, the inflation rate will be i n control. The government can apply the import restrictions policies so as to retain import and this can lead to higher wages. The can control import by using quota, tariff and other restrictions to reduce the inflation rate in a country. A quota is a barrier that is imposed on the goods that is brought in the country and sells in other markets. A quota will be helpful for the domestic industries and infant industries as they will be protect and they can increase the wage rate of their workers as well as the country will moves towards a good balance of fees. Export subsidy can also be utilised. In an export subsidy the payment is not delayed by doing an indirect payment and the government helps the foreigners by giving them subsidy, loans and other packages to be attracted to the countrys exports.5.1.2Fiscal form _or_ system of government and Monetary constitutionFiscal policy can also be used to deal with the inflation rate. Fiscal policy will bring an alteration in the aggreg ate demand. The fiscal policy is concerned with the tax system. For example, if the government can bring an increase in the tax rates, this can bring a reduction in the demand of the economy. Monetary policy can also be used. The fiscal policy deals with the rate of interest. The monetary policy will lead to a fall in the money supply and the interest rates will be increased. When the interest rates will go up, people will prefer to save their money. The buying power in the market will decline which in the end can bring a decrease in the inflation rate. By controlling the inflation rate in the country, the people can satisfy their basic needs and wants as there wage rate has been increased and will not be affected by a larger amount as the government is monitoring the inflation rate by the use of fiscal and monetary policy.5.1.3 Income policyFurthermore, the income policy is another way to deal with the inflation rate. A proper income policy has to be rigid to halt the wage pri ce-spiral from increasing. If the inflation rate is based on approach push nature, the government will use the income policy. The government and the trade union should set a meeting to negotiate and cooperate together to bring an increase in the wage rate. A rise in the wage rate should be given when the level of productivity is rising. In the case of the EPZ sector, the wage rate was increasing more than the level of productivity which was not effective at all. When the productivity is rising and the wage rate is increasing at the same pace, this will have little effect on the inflation rate. A good work is being done by the labour party in Mauritius. As it has clearly stated in the budget of 2013 presented by the Honourable Xavier Luc Duval, the Minister of Finance and Economic Development where he said that with the help of PRB and Errors Omission and Anomalies Commission, the wage rate will be increased at around 25 %. The government is spend Rs 6 billion to help consumers to have a good purchasing power. Another policy is concerned with the price policy. The price policy is where the government can controlled the price level and what price is going to be bushel in the market.5.1.4 Maximum priceThe producer price can be control if the government uses the supreme price. The government put a maximum price where the producer cannot exceed the price level. This will bring price stability in an economy and the consumer will be protected from their purchasing power not be eroded.5.2Problems and LimitationsThe problem that has been arisen is that there was difficulty in finding data on the wage rate index in Mauritius. The data on the wage rate index was available in Mauritius since 1992. Thus, it has to be converted in terms of quarter to get a smooth graph and to do its regression. Due to the unavailability of data, the R squared is low which shows a poor fit. Therefore, the result should be decided in the light of the problem that has occurred. The limitat ion is that it is not always that inflation rate affects wage rate. There are other factors such as exchange rates, public utility rates, marks-ups and others which also affect the wage rate which has been showed in the journal of Marinakis (1980). It has also to be noted that even the political and social factors are used to decide the wage rate.